Discussion: Protocol for Operation Migration
Here
is what Journey North's science writer thinks is the reason for each protocol
rule. Do you agree?
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1. Cranes are intelligent birds.
The puppet may be "mommy," but chicks can learn a lot by modeling
other cranes, too. If a hawk flies over or raccoon is spotted, the adult
cranes make alarm calls that will teach the chicks about dangers they
will face when they're on their own. That's why those adults have to
be put away when the ultralight is near--if they were alarmed by its
presence, they might "teach" the baby cranes that ultralights
are scary!
- 2. These costumes
don't show any of the most identifiable features of humans,
and they sure aren't shaped like us!. Cranes won't learn to associate
hands or faces with food or safety. It's okay if once in a while the
medical staff takes off their gloves--they're the ones who have to occasionally
poke and prod and give the chicks a shot--that's a good reason to stay
away from hands!
- 3. The two most important senses
for birds, as for us humans, are sight and hearing, and cranes remember
both sights and sounds, so it's critical to prevent cranes from noticing
humans with either sense.
- 4. "Human avoidance conditioning"
is training birds to actually be afraid of people. To do this, people
have to do something that will give the cranes a big scare. In reacting
to that fear, the crane might get injured. So human avoidance conditioning
is only used as a last resort.
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5. When the cranes are truly on
their own, they will have to get 100% of the food they eat. So as quickly
as possible they need to learn how to feed themselves.
- 6. If young cranes get used
to the sights and sounds of people they may well become too tame to
release successfully. Clean cages are very important, but not worth
risking the whole program for.
- 7. The best habitat for cranes
is far from houses, highways, and other human-made structures. If the
cranes become familiar with buildings when they are young, they may
feel comfortable landing near them while migrating, when they are over
unfamiliar territory. So OM protocol tries to keep cranes away from
these structures to start with.
- 8. Crane chicks in nature only
have two parents, and they seem to recognize which is which. Dealing
with too many handlers will confuse them, and increases the chances
that they will start to recognize humans.
- 9. When these cranes become
wild, it will be important for them to identify suitable ares for nesting
and also for resting during migration. They probably use a lot of clues
to tell them what places are good, both how the places look AND how
they sound. Learning how a quality environment sounds when they are
little will help them identify safe places when they are older.
- 10. Running and walking and
having as much space as possible are essential for growing cranes--their
bones and muscles get bigger and stronger as they are used.
And learning to adapt to changing weather is important,
too. But sometimes in nature a baby crane can snuggle against a parent.
This is impossible in Operation Migration, so if the crane chicks get
chilled, heat lamps and shelter are there for them.
- 11. The only way this project
can be successful is if these cranes eventually learn to breed on their
own in the wild. To successfully establish a population, there must
be a lot of genetic variation--cranes must have mate choices besides
their own brother or sister! But it would be impossible for OM people
to lead each crane individually with an ultralight, the way natural
crane parents do. So to maximize the number of cranes released in the
project, the cranes are taught to accept other baby cranes into their
flock. They aren't really brothers and sisters, but are the same age
and at the same stage in their socialization and migrating skills, so
they are called a cohort.
- 12. Some crane colts are faster
and some stronger as they first learn to fly. By carefully studying
how each bird is progressing, no crane will be forced to try too hard
for its capabilities or get too frustrated, and there will be a smaller
chance that any will get hurt in an accident.
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13. The crane colts learned from
the time they were little to follow a handler with the crane puppet.
But they have to be able to focus entirely on the ultralight when they
are migrating, so when it's time to start following the ultralight,
it's important to ease away from following a handler who isn't in the
ultralight.
- 14. The ultralights that have
been proven to work leading geese and cranes happen to be these large
ones, which provide a good slipstream to help the cranes conserve energy
on their flight. They must be piloted, even on the ground when their
wings are off, by experienced pilots who know the instrument panel and
how to handle the plane extremely well. It would be horrible to get
into an accident with one of these cranes!
- 15. Brood/contact calls are
important for keeping baby cranes feeling safe in many situations. By
the time they are getting ready to fly, it's important that they really
start focusing on that plane as a kind of parent. One of the ways they
are trained to focus on it is by hearing crane calls, thanks to Dr.
Wessling's digital crane call vocalizers. Since it allows quick and
easy reproduction of six different crane vocalizations, it's also possible
to get the colts familiar with the meanings, or contexts, of several
calls so they can communicate properly with wild cranes later.
- 16. By teaching the cranes
to respond to human imitations of the brood calls, the cranes will instinctively
come to the handlers in an emergency, of if the digital crane call vocalizer
isn't available or gets broken. It's a long way from Wisconsin to Florida,
and anything can happen. The OM scientists want to be prepared!
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